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 Sunday, January 4, 2009



Rating the Managers by Intentional Walks






The intentional walk is one of the more controversial baseball plays in sabermetric circles, and for good reason. As you can see from this run expectancy table at Baseball Prospectus derived from the 2008 run environment, putting a runner on increases a team's run expectancy in every base-out situation possible.

 
°íÀǻ籸´Â ¼¼À̹öÀïÀÌµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­µµ ³íÀïÀÌ µÇ´Â Ç÷¹ÀÌ Áß Çϳª¾ß. ... BP¿¡¼­ °íÀǻ籸°¡ µæÁ¡ ±â´ëÄ¡¸¦ ¾ó¸¶³ª ³ô¿©ÁÖ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ 2008³âÀÇ µ¥ÀÌÅÍ·Î ¿¬±¸ÇÑ °Í¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÌ·¸°Ô ³ª°£ ÁÖÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ¿ôµÇ´Â »óȲÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö´õ¶óµµ ÆÀÀÇ µæÁ¡·ÂÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁø´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀ» ²ø¾î³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÁö

In other words, regardless of whether there are no outs and bases empty on or two outs and runners on second and third or whatever other situation you can imagine, issuing a walk always increases the average number of runs a team scored by the end of the inning in 2008. For instance, no-out, bases-empty walk raises run expectancy by 0.379 runs, while the least damaging IBB (two outs, runner on second) raises run expectancy by "only" 0.129.

 ¹Ù²ã¸»ÇÏ¸é ³ë¾Æ¿ô°ú ÁÖÀÚ ¾ø´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ÀÇ °íÀǻ籸¿Í Åõ¾Æ¿ô ÁÖÀÚ°¡ 2,3·ç¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °íÀǻ籸¶óµç°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÌ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² »óȲ¿¡¼­°Ç, º¼³ÝÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÆÀ Æò±Õ µæÁ¡À» °á±¹ ³ô¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °Í. ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é ³ë¾Æ¿ô, ÁÖÀÚ°¡ ¾ø´Â »óȲ¿¡¼­ÀÇ º¼³ÝÀº µæÁ¡ ±â´ëÄ¡¸¦ 0.379Á¡ ¸¸Å­ ¹Ù¶óº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí 2»ç 2·ç »óȲ¿¡¼­ÀÇ °íÀǻ籸´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ 0.129ÀÇ µæÁ¡ ±â´ëÄ¡¸¦ °¡Áß½ÃŲ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌÁö

 Of course, a key word there is "average." Those run expectancies are calculated looking at every batter all season, and intentional walks are used in very specific, presumably strategic situations when it benefits the pitching team, like with a star hitter at the plate and a much less dangerous hitter on deck or to set up a force out or double-play.

 ¹°·Ð Å°¿öµå´Â "¿¡¹ö¸®Áö"¾ß. ÀÌ µæÁ¡ ±â´ëÄ¡µéÀº ½ÃÁð Àüü·Î º» ºÐ¼®À̸ç, °íÀÇ »ç±¸´Â ¸Å¿ì Ư¼öÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Àü·«À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌÁö... Ç÷¹ÀÌÆ®¿¡ À§ÇèÇÑ Å¸ÀÚ°¡ µé¾î¼­´Â °æ¿ì³ª ´õºíÇ÷¹À̸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÑ °Í°ú °°Àº »óȲÀ» ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Å¾ß

In Chapter 10 of The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball, the authors, Tom Tango, Mitchel Lichtman, and Andy Dolphin, examine this exact set of factors in detail (you can read the
intro to the chapter here). The key outcome of their analysis is a table that lists all the different base-out-score situations in which an intentional walk may be advantageous for the pitching team and how much better the hitter must be than those coming after him to make it worth it to issue the walk. For instance, the table shows that with two outs in the bottom of the ninth, runners on second and third, and a tie score, an intentional walk may be issued if the hitter's wOBA is at least 23% better than the hitter in the on-deck circle.

 ¾ð±ÞµÇ´Â Ã¥¿¡ µû¸£¸é... ¿©·¯°¡Áö »óȲ¿¡¼­ÀÇ °íÀǻ籸´Â ¼öºñÇÏ´Â ÂÊ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ À̵æÀ» ¾ò°Ô Çϱ⵵ Çϳª °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ÂÊ¿¡´Â º¼³ÝÀ» ¾ò¾î³»´Â °Ô ´õ Å« °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÁØ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î. ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é, 9ȸ¸»ÀÇ Åõ¾Æ¿ô ÁÖÀÚ 2,3·ç µ¿Á¡ »óȲ¿¡¼­ °íÀÇ º¼³ÝÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ŸÀÚÀÇ wOBA(Ãâ·çÀ²À» °¡ÁßÇÑ Å¸À² ¼öÄ¡?)¿¡¼­ Àû¾îµµ 23%ÀÇ »ó½ÂÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ª¿À°í ÀÖ´Ü ¾ê±âÁö

My goal with this post is to identify which managers are the best (and worst) in their use of the intentional walk. Ideally, I would have factored in the base-out-score situation as well as the relative ability of the hitters at the plate and the on deck circle. However, the
dataset I have from Baseball-Reference.com only gives us base-out-score situation for the 1310 IBBs issued in 2008. To look at hitters' wOBAs would require a whole lot more work that I don't have time for.

 ÀÚ ÀÌÁ¦,À̱ÛÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÎ °¨µ¶µéÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª °íÀÇ »ç±¸¸¦ Àß È°¿ëÇß´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æº¸ÀÚ±¸. ÀÌ»óÀûÀ¸·Ð ¸ðµç »óȲ°ú ŸÀÚÀÇ ´É·Â°úÀÇ ÇÔ¼ö°ü°è¸¦ Àû¿ëÇؾ߰ÚÁö¸¸ ³­ ÀÏ´Ü º£À̽ºº¼·¹ÆÛ·±½º ´åÄÄ¿¡¼­ 1310°³ÀÇ °íÀÇ »ç±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ·á·Î À̸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇß¾î

Still, as a starting point we can get a decently good idea of which managers are the worst in their use of the intentional walk by identifying the intentional walks that were issued in situations that are never advantageous for the pitching team.
This way, we get a list of "maybe smart" IBBs and a list of "definitely not smart" IBBs. My assumption is that the managers who issue the most "definitely not smart" IBBs are probably not very smart in their use of IBBs overall. And indeed, with a whopping 233 walks issued "definitely not smart" situations in 2008, we have a pretty decent sample size to go on. (You can check out the database with the "maybe smart" and "not smart" IBBs noted on Google docs here.)

 ¿ì¸®°¡ ³íÀǸ¦ ½ÃÀÛÇؾßÇÒ ºÎºÐÀº ¼öºñÇÏ´Â ÆÀÀÌ °á±¹ µæÁ¡À» Çã¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÈ »óȲ¿¡¼­ °¨µ¶µéÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª °íÀÇ »ç±¸¸¦ Áö½ÃÇß´À³Ä ÇÏ´Â Á¡ÀÌÁö... ÀÌ·± ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â "smart" ¿Í " not smart"·Î ±¸ºÐÇؼ­ ¾Ë¾Æ º¸ÀÚ±¸. ÃÑ 233¹øÀÇ "not smart"ÇÑ °íÀÇ »ç±¸ Áö½Ã°¡ ÀÖ¾ú¾î

Here's the list of managers in 2008, ranked in order from most to fewest "definitely not smart" IBBs:

 Çö¸íÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ÀÇ °íÀǻ籸 Çã¿ë »ç·Ê°¡ ¸¹¾Ò´ø °¨µ¶ ¼ø ºÎÅÍ



Bobby Cox ATL 21
Jim Leyland DET 17
Charlie Manuel PHI 14
Cecil Cooper HOU 13
Dave Trembley BAL 10
Ozzie Guillen CHW 10
Clint Hurdle COL 10
Fredi Gonzalez FLA 10
Bob Geren OAK 10
Lou Piniella CHC 9
Joe Torre LAD 9
Ron Gardenhire MIN 9
Willie Randolph/Jerry Manuel NYM 8
John McLaren SEA 8
Bob Melvin ARI 7
Eric Wedge CLE 7
Mike Scioscia LAA 7
Ned Yost/Dale Svuem MIL 6
Bud Black SDP 6
Bruce Bochy SFG 6
Ron Washington TEX 5
Manny Acta WSN 5
Terry Francona BOS 4
Dusty Baker CIN 4
Joe Girardi NYY 4
Tony La Russa STL 4
Joe Maddon TBR 4
Trey Hillman KCR 2
John Russell PIT 2
John Gibbons TOR 2

A few observations here:


  • Manny stacks up pretty well. That's good, especially since he ranks so low on base-stealing.

    ¸Å´ÏÀÇ wOBA ¼öÄ¡´Â ´ç¿¬È÷ ²Ï ÁÁ¾Æ... µµ·ç¸¦ ¾ÈÇÏ°Ô µÈ µÚ·Î ¸»ÀÌÁö

  • If you assume that the average intentional walk costs the pitching team something like 0.185 runs (in a 5 runs-per-game scoring environment, which is a bit higher than what we have now, the run value of an IBB is 0.198), Bobby Cox's 21 "definitely not smart" IBBs cost the Braves 3.885 runs, a little less than half a win. Considering that the Braves issued 80 IBBs total, it seems likely that Cox is costing his team as much as a full win per year with his aggressive intentional walks.

    ¸¸¾à¿¡ Æò±ÕÀûÀÎ °¹¼öÀÇ °íÀǻ籸¸¦ ³»ÁÖ´Â ÀÏÀº ¼öºñÇÏ´Â ÆÀ¿¡°Ô 0.185ÀÇ µæÁ¡À» ´õ Çã¿ëÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°Å¾ß ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °ÔÀÓ´ç 5Á¡¾¿À» µæÁ¡ÇÑ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇÑ »ó´ëÆÀ¿¡°Ô ¸»ÀÌÁö... ¹Ùºñ ÄÛ½º °¨µ¶ÀÇ ¾È ÁÁÀº »óȲ¿¡¼­ Áö½ÃÇÑ 21¹øÀÇ °íÀǻ籸´Â ¾ÖƲ¶õŸ°¡ 3.885Á¡À» ´õ Çã¿ëÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé°í ÀÖ¾î... ºê·¹À̺꽺°¡ 80¹øÀÇ °íÀǻ籸¸¦ ÀüºÎ Çã¿ëÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­ ÄÛ½º °¨µ¶Àº ¸Å³â ±×ÀÇ °ø°ÝÀûÀÎ °íÀǻ籸 Áö½Ã ¼ºÇâ ¸¸Å­À̳ª ½Â¸®¸¦ ì±âÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¾ê±âÁö

  • You might be surprised that an AL manager (Jim Leyland) ranks so high on this list, given that pitchers don't hit in the AL and conventional wisdom would indicate that intentional walks to get to the pitcher are often smart. But really since managers will pinch-hit for the pitcher late in close games when intentional walks are most often an effective strategy, the actual win value of walking the pitcher is quite limited.

     Áü¸±·£µå °¨µ¶ÀÌ ³ôÀÌ ·©Å©µÇ ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ³î¶öÁöµµ ¸ô¶ó... ÇÇÃÄ°¡ Ÿ¼®¿¡ µé¾î¼­Áö ¾Ê´Â AL¸®±×¿¡¼­ ¸»ÀÌÁö... ÇÏÁö¸¸ °æ±â ÈĹÝÀÇ ÇÉÄ¡È÷ÅÍ ±â¿ëÀº °¡Àå ÈçÇÑ Àü·«À̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇÑ À̵æÀº »ó´çÈ÷ Á¦ÇÑ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â °É ¾Ë¾ÆµÖ¾ßÇØ
     

  • You can see the number of total IBBs by team here. Interestingly, Manny is in the middle of the pack (14th of 30) on this list with 44 total IBBs. That means that Manny is using it and using it pretty well, while a manager like Trey Hillman has basically just eschewed the IBB altogether, issuing just 12 of them all year.

     ¸Å´Ï°¡ ¾òÀº 44°³ÀÇ °íÀǻ籸°¡ ¸»ÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å´Ï°¡ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í°ú ĵÀÚ½º½ÃƼÀÇ Æ®·¹ÀÌ Èú¸¸Àº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î °íÀǻ籸¸¦ »ï°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ°í ½ÃÁðÀ» ÅëƲ¾î 12°³¸¸ Çã¿ëÇß´Ù´Â Á¡Àº Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ¾ê±â ²¨¸®¾ß

     

    ¼¼À̹öÀïÀ̵éÀÌ º¼³ÝÀ» »ó´çÈ÷ Á߽à ¿©±â°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ÀÌ ±Û¿¡¼­µµ ´Ù½Ã È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥¿ä...
    Àü ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐ µ¿ÀÇ°¡ ¾È µË´Ï´Ù¸¸...
    °ú¿¬ °íÀǻ籸·Î °­Å¸ÀÚ¸¦ ÇÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÆÀÀ» À§ÇØ ´õ ¾È ÁÁÀº ÀÏÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ®ÀÌ µì´Ï´Ù

    ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ¿¹·Î º»Áî µÚÀÇ ÄµÆ®°¡ °ÅµÐ ¼ºÀûÀ» º¸¸é  
                                                                                         Å¸Á¡              
1997 SF NL 29 Sf MLB 21 2b 4,5 155 580 90 145 38 2 29 121 11 3 48 133 13 6 0 10 14  .250 .316 .472 788
1998 SF NL 30 Sf MLB 21 2b 4 137 526 94 156 37 3 31 128 9 4 48 110 9 4 1 10 16  .297 .359 .555 914
1999 SF NL 31 Sf MLB 21 2b   138 511 86 148 40 2 23 101 13 6 61 112 5 3 0 8 12  .290 .366 .511 877
2000 SF NL 32 Sf MLB 21 2b 4 159 587 114 196 41 7 33 125 12 9 90 107 9 6 0 9 17  .334 .424 .596 1020
2001 SF NL 33 Sf MLB 21 2b-1b 4 159 607 84 181 49 6 22 106 7 6 65 96 11 4 0 13 11  .298 .369 .507 876
2002 SF NL 34 Sf MLB 21 2b 4,3 152 623 102 195 42 2 37 108 5 1 52 101 4 3 0 3 20  .313 .368 .565 933


 ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÇ¾î ŸÁ¡ »ý»êÀ» 110 ŸÁ¡ Á¤µµ ÇØÁÖ°í Àִµ¥ ¸¸¾à ±× ´ç½Ã Æ÷½ºÀÇ º»Áî°¡ °íÀǻ籸°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÃÆ´Ù¸é ÇÏ´Â °¡Á¤À» µé¾îº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ°ÚÁÒ
 º¼³ÝÀÇ °¡Ä¡´Â µÚ¿¡¼­ ŸÀÚµéÀÌ Ãļ­ µæÁ¡À¸·Î ¿¬°á½ÃÄѾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °¡Á¤ÀÌ ºÙ½À´Ï´Ù... ¿¡ÀÌ±Þ Å¸ÀÚ¸é º¼³Ý¿¡ ÀÌÀº ´õ ³ôÀº µæÁ¡ »ý»ê·ÂÀ» º¸¿©ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ°ÚÁÒ...
 ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×·± »óȲÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÆÀÀº?? ÇÏ´Â Àǹ®ÀÌ ºÙ´Â´Ù´Â°Ô Á¦ »ý°¢ÀÌ °Åµç¿ä... °ú¿¬ º»ÀÎÀÌ ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ´õ ³ªÀºÁö¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­¿ä...

1997 SF NL 32 Sf MLB lf 3,4 159 532 123 155 26 5 40 101 37 8 145 87 8 34 0 5 13  .291 .446 .585 1031
1998 SF NL 33 Sf MLB 25 lf 3 156 552 120 167 44 7 37 122 28 12 130 92 8 29 1 6 15  .303 .438 .609 1047
1999 SF NL 34 Sf MLB 25 lf   102 355 91 93 20 2 34 83 15 2 73 62 3 9 0 3 .262 .389 .617 1006
2000 SF NL 35 Sf MLB 25 lf 3 143 480 129 147 28 4 49 106 11 3 117 77 3 22 0 7 .306 .440 .688 1128
2001 SF NL 36 Sf MLB 25 lf 3 153 476 129 156 32 2 73 137 13 3 177 93 9 35 0 2 .328 .515 .863 1378
2002 SF NL 37 Sf MLB 25 lf 3,4 143 403 117 149 31 2 46 110 9 2 198 47 9 68 0 2 .370 .582 .799 1381

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